Figure 1.-- |
|
There have overtime been many notable incidents of religious intollerance. They have been conducted by both religious groups as well as state authorities. The first major incident was the policy of anti-Semtism adopted by the Catholic Church. Islam has neen gernerally more tollerant thab Christians, although there have been noted acts of intolerance beginning with attacks on Jewish tribes led by Mohammed himself. In the modern era, Islam has becone increasingly more repressive. A major act of intolerance in the medieval era was the suppression of the Cathars (13th century). This led to the creation ofvthe Holy Office of the Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition is the best known, but the Inquisition offered in other countries as well. Another act was the Spanish expulsion of the Jews (1492) and subsequent expullsion of the Moors. The Revocation of the Edict Nantes was one of the several notable acts of religious intolerance.The English in cotrast persecuted the Catholics. The Japanese suppression of Christians is another example, Russian pogroms against Jews drove large numbers of Jews into Western Europe and America. The French Catholic campaign against the Huguenots is similar to the NAZI campaign against its Jewish citizens--only worse because the Hugenots were a much larger portion of the French population. In modern times, the Soviet aehism campaign is another exampe. The one recurrent thread through these different acts of religious intollerance besides the tragedy for the people targetted was how the country which expelled them was adversely affected. Perhaps the ultimate example here was the NAZI persecution of the Jews. The Jewish refugees played a major role building the atomic bomb. Ahd had the NAZIs not surrendered (May 1945), could have been used on Germany rather than Japan.
The first major campaign was the policy of anti-Semtism adopted by the Catholic Church.
Islam has neen gernerally more tollerant than Christians, although there have been noted acts of intolerance beginning with attacks on Jewish tribes led by Mohammed himself. In the modern era, Islam has becone increasingly more repressive.
A major act of intolerance in the medieval era was the suppression of the Cathars (13th century).
This led to the creation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition is the best known, but the Inquisition offered in other countries as well.
Another act was the Spanish expulsion of the Jews (1492) and subsequent expullsion of the Moors.
The Revocation of the Edict Nantes was one of the several notable acts of religious intolerance. The French Catholic campaign against the Huguenots is similar to the NAZI campaign against its Jewish citizens--only worse because the Hugenots were a much larger portion of the French population. After years of persecution under Louis XIII and Louis XIV, Louis XIV finally took the ultimate step--revoking the Edict of Nantes (1685). As a result of these percecutions life for many Protestants became intolerable in France. It was not just the lack of religious freedoms, but many other matters. The state refused to recognize Protestant marriages leaving the children illegitimate. This affected property rights and inheritannces. Large numbers of Huguenots fled France, leaving for Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, England, and the English colonies in America (especially New York, Massachusetts, and South Carolina). A s a result, many Americans of French ancestry are Protestants. Except for the Huguenots few French people emmigrated to America. France is one of the few Europrean countries in which large numbers of did not emmigrants to America. Interesting in that the French showed such an enthusiasm for America, No one knows precisely how many French Protestants emigrated. Louis attempted to discourage emigrantion and force them to convert. Estimates range from 0.4-1.0 million. About 1.0 million Protestants remained in France. Many settled in the isolated Cévennes Mountains becoming known as the Camisards. Louis XIV ordered them removed, resulting in the Camisard War (1702-05). It proved to be a disaster to France that would be paid in installments down to the 20th century. France by conservative estimates lost More than 0.4 million of her finest citizens with all their talents and abilitities. It many ways it was comparable to the NAZI campaign against its Jewish citizens--only worse because the Hugenots were a much larger portion of the French population. Those that managed to emigrate would fight Louis in his attempt to take over the Netherlands and subsequently to return James II to the English throne. Their descendens would play a prominant role in the German armies that fought the French down to World War II.
The English in cotrast persecuted the Catholics.
The Japanese suppression of Christians is another example,
Russian pogroms against Jews drove large numbers of Jews into Western Europe and America.
In modern times, the Soviet aehism campaign is another exampe.
The NAZI Holocaust was a bkend of historic religious-based anti-Semitism and a new focus on racee. The one recurrent thread through these different acts of religious intollerance besides the tragedy for the people targetted was how the country which expelled them was adversely affected. Perhaps the ultimate example here was the NAZI persecution of the Jews. The Jewish refugees played a major role building the atomic bomb. Ahd had the NAZIs not surrendered (May 1945), could have been used on Germany rather than Japan.
Islamic media would have modern readers believe that their is a campaign ahainst Islam and Mulisms in the modern world. Here the West, primarily America and Israel are held up as the chief villan. This charge does is not sustaimed by the facts. Very few attacks occur on Muslims in Amererica or Western Europe. Most incidebts of violence against Muslims occur in Muslim countries. And the individuals responsible for the attacks are largely other Muslims. Islamicists have promoted a culture of death and violence justified by the Koranic institution of Jihad. Tragically large numbers of mostly innocent, peaceful Muslims have suffered the consequences.
Navigate the Boys' Historical Clothing Web Site:
[Introduction]
[Activities]
[Art]
[Biographies]
[Chronology]
[Clothing styles]
[Countries]
[Photography]
[Bibliographies]
[Contributions]
[FAQs]
[Glossary]
[Images]
[Links]
[Registration]
[Tools]
[Boys' Clothing Home]