* Italian boys clothes -- emigration Europe European countries








Italian Emigration: European Countries


Figure 1.--Italians began emigrating in large numbers in the late-19th century. The largest destination was America. In Europe the primary destination was France. Most of the emigrants settled in southern France. Here is an Italian boy in Toulone. He is a street hawker innToulone selling rather items. They look like hravy brass items.

The substantian emigration of Italians began in the mid-19th century, with an increase in late century. Poor economic conditions and improved transportation systems were both factors. The largest number of migrants left for the Americas, especially the United States. Substantial numbers also migrated to other European countries. France was the most important European destination, in part becuse it was close and Catholic. The fact that France had annexed areas with Itlalian populations was another factor. We are less sure about the extent of the Italian population in other countries, but we do note Italians in many other European countries, including the Protesant countries of northern Europe, including Britain. We do not have a lot of detail aboutEuropean immigration policies. .

Austria-Hungary

Italy had a long common birder with Austrai Hungary. In fact untu=il fter World War I, Austrai still controlled large agreas of Italy, including Trieste and Venice. This was a matter of controversy between the two countries which had a limiting factor emigration. The Italian emigration was primarily urban. And Austria did not have many large cities like France and the other European countries attracting Itlalian emigrants.

Britain


France

France amd Italy share a Mediterannean border. A common border of course makes population movement easy. This was especially the case with the advent of railrods in the mod 19th century. France was the most important European destination, in part becuse it was close and Catholic. The fact that France had annexed areas with Itlalian populations was another factor. A major factor in emigration is having alreasy existing friendly communities already existing. Italian migration into France has been occuring in different cycles for years, actually beginning in prehistoric times if you want to go back that far. As far as we know rhe opulation in modern times has been orimarily from Italy to France with Italians seeing more economic opportunity in France than what was available to them in Italy. In addition to migration there havevbeen territorial changes that brought Italian populations under French control. Corsica was transferred from from the Republic of Genoa to France (1768). This of course is how France acquired of all people Napoleon Bonaparte with his Italain accent. The Kingdom of Sardinia transferred Nice and Savoy to France (1860). There was some limited emmigration (late-18th centurty. Really large numbers of Italians did not begin to emigrate until the late-19th century. This is the same time that italains begabnto emograte oversas to the United States and South America, only the overseas emmigrants were primarily from southern Italy. Emigration to the United tates ended with World War I. First because of German U-boats and then American restictions on immigration. Emigration to France, however, increased hugely substantailly after the War. Fremch companies needed workers bcause of the massive mumber of men killed and badly wounded. This was not a short term issue as the French birth rate declines, creating a long term shortage of workers. The 18th- and 19th centuey emigrants came primarily from northern Italy (Piedmont, Veneto) and subsequently from central Italy (Marche, Umbria). Many settled in the bordering southeastern region of Provence. After World War II, large numbers of immigrants from southern Italy began emograting to France. They began settling in industrialised areas deep into France, such as Lorraine, Paris and Lyon. Some 5 million French nationals are believed to be of Italian ancestry. That would be something like 8 percent of the population.

Germany


Luxembourg

Luxembourg is a small Grand Duchy surrounded by Belgium, France and Germany. It is a historical miracle that it has survived as an independent country. It was difficulr enough for the Futch and Belgians, for tiny Luxembourg it was a miracle. It is surprisingly rural with the dense Ardennes forest and nature parks in the north. The iron and steel indudtry had began to developp, in part because of the integration of the Grand Duchy into the German Zollverein (1842). Numerous steelworks were founded, mostly in the south. The Luxembourg works became part of the steel industrry complex in the Saarland-Lorraine-Luxembourg region, after 1871, except for Luxenmbourg all opart of the new German Empire through connection to the ecpanding German railway network. One town affected by the industrialization was Dudelange in the south. A rolling mill/foundary D'Schmelz was built becuase of the iron deposits located nearby (1880s). This created a need for workers at the same time that Italians were migrating in large numbers. Industrialization behan in the surronding countries before Luxembourg. As a result, many Luxembourgers emigrated seeking the high-payiong industrial jobs. Thus wihen the D'Schmelz and otherr managers turned to foreign workers. And the Italians were the answer. There were workers from Germany, France and Belgium, but it was mainly Italians who were avaiable in the largest numbers. At the time, the Luuxembourg population was mostly Luxembourgers. That iis not the case today, but at the time foreign workers, especually the Italians were sdomething new. And these Italian workers created Italian districts' in towns like Esch and Dudelange. This was happening throughout Western Europe as working-class districts were developing in the expanding industril citoes. And in Luxe=mkbourg this included Italian districts with the Italian steel workers. Dudelange was one of the more notble Itlalian communites in the Grand Duchy. The number of Italaians began to really increase at the turn of the 20th century, reaching 10,000 by the 1910s, but then declined as a result of the War. This occured again during World War II. There was a difference, both times Luxembourg was occupied by the Germans , but in World War I, Italy fought with the Allies, but in World Wat II Italy was a German ally. There was then another influx of Italians after World War II. There was extensive war damage to repaor because of the German Bulge offensice (December 1944). When the Geraman and other Economic Miracles began to take off and workers were needed, the population exceed 20,000 Italians. These may not sound like large numbers, but the population at the time of World War I was only about 260,000 and 300,000 at the time of World War II.







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Created: 7:36 PM 2/24/2007
Last updated: 2:13 AM 8/12/2020