ÿþ<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Final//EN"> <HTML> <head> <title> national histories Africa </title> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta name="title" content=" national histories Africa" > <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/imagef/gif/faviconh.ico"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/imagef/gif/faviconh.ico"> <META NAME="Description" CONTENT=" Our knowledge of conflicts in pre-colonial Sub-Saharan Africa is limited because Africa for the most part was a pre-literate region. Antropolgists can tell us some details such as the Bantu migrations from West Africa. Advanced tribes drove more primitive trives like pygmies and San into marginal areas. Ancient Axum (Ethiopia) provides some written records as do some Arab records. The Arabs iniated what is the great tragedy of Africa, the slave trade, establishing outposts in East Africa (7th century AD). There also began a conflict with Christian Axum/Ethiopia and Arab Islamic powers. Arabs from North Africa drove across the Sahara to become entrenched jn the Sahel and northerregions of West and Central Africa. But for the most part African conflicts before the colonial period are a blank slate. Contact with Europe began as the Portugues began saying south along the African coast toi find a sea route to China (15th century). There were numerous conflicts as the European powers gradually expanded their zone of control. And the European Atlantic slave trade began (16th century) . There were also tribal conflicts such as the Zulu expansion in southern Africa. European expansion culminated in the Scranble for Africa (late-19th century). Colonization was exploitive, but varied from country to country. The most brutal colonial powee was Belgium and Belgian rule in the Congo was a horor story. There were some conflicts leading to de-colonization such as the Mau-Mau insurgency in Kenya, but for the most part except for the Portuguese the Europeans accepted de-colonization with limited military resistance (1960s). South Africa and Zimbabwe resisted black majority control. In the independent countries that emerged, most of the new rulers resisted majority governance as well. A range of conflicts emerged and were internsified as Africa became caught up in the Cold War. There have been between African nations, civil wars, and wars involving non-African nations that took place within Africa. It encompasses secessionist and separatist conflicts. In addition to wars, there have been major episodes of national violence (riots, massacres, and uprisings). In recent years radical Islamic groups like Boko Haram have been responsible for a range of violent actions (2010s). With photos and text. "> <META NAME="KeyWords" CONTENT="Africa, African, boy, boys, children, garments, caps, military, shirts, history, historical, fashion, conflicts, freican conflicrs, wars, secessionist wars, , civil wars, tribal conflict, slave trade, "> </head> <BODY BGCOLOR="#000066" TEXT="#FFFF00" LINK="#FF0000" ALINK="#FFFF00" VLINK="#99CCFF"> <br> <br> <img src="/imagef/gif/cih-pur.png"> <br> <br> <HR> <br> <br> <br> <br> <CENTER><h1>African History: Sub-saharan African Conflicts </h1></center> <table border=0 cellpadding=20 width=1000 height=811 align=right> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table border=5 width=100% align=right bgcolor=##7f00ff"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="/country/afr/nig/hist/ind/nhi-biaf.html"> <IMG SRC="/imagef/date/2017/09/biafra-food03s.jpg" alt="African conflicts"></a> <hr> <i>Figure 1.-- Food becme a major problem for Biafra after declaring independence from Nigeria (1967). Here children and adults line up for their food ration to be delivered. The photograph is not dted, but was probanly taken in 1968. The press caption here read, "Soup is ladled out to youngsters who never see three meals a day. About 6,000 daily now starve to death, and it will get much worse in December when stocks of yams and other bulk carbohydrate foods are expended." The photograph was dated October 25, 1968. Photographer: Charles Taylor. </i> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> Our knowledge of conflicts in pre-colonial Sub-Saharan Africa is limited because Africa for the most part was a pre-literate region. Antropolgists can tell us some details such as the Bantu migrations from West Africa. Advanced tribes drove more primitive trives like pygmies and San into marginal areas. Ancient Axum (Ethiopia) provides some written records as do some Arab records. The Arabs iniated what is the great tragedy of Africa, the slave trade, establishing outposts in East Africa (7th century AD). There also began a conflict with Christian Axum/Ethiopia and Arab Islamic powers. Arabs from North Africa drove across the Sahara to become entrenched jn the Sahel and northerregions of West and Central Africa. But for the most part African conflicts before the colonial period are a blank slate. Contact with Europe began as the Portugues began saying south along the African coast toi find a sea route to China (15th century). There were numerous conflicts as the European powers gradually expanded their zone of control. And the European Atlantic slave trade began (16th century) . There were also tribal conflicts such as the Zulu expansion in southern Africa. European expansion culminated in the Scranble for Africa (late-19th century). Colonization was exploitive, but varied from country to country. The most brutal colonial powee was Belgium and Belgian rule in the Congo was a horor story. There were some conflicts leading to de-colonization such as the Mau-Mau insurgency in Kenya, but for the most part except for the Portuguese the Europeans accepted de-colonization with limited military resistance (1960s). South Africa and Zimbabwe resisted black majority control. In the independent countries that emerged, most of the new rulers resisted majority governance as well. A range of conflicts emerged and were internsified as Africa became caught up in the Cold War. There have been between African nations, civil wars, and wars involving non-African nations that took place within Africa. It encompasses secessionist and separatist conflicts. In addition to wars, there have been major episodes of national violence (riots, massacres, and uprisings). 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