Figure 1.-- Here we see a group of first year students at a Joinville primary school--Escola Reunida D'Oeste Joinville (1965). We can see their school in the background, but not the communiy in which was set. The school had dirt gounds. We see two teachers and we woud guess the principal. The children would have been mostly 6-year olds. The girls all wear dresses or skirts. The boys all wear short pants. All the children are barefoot, reflecting Santa Catarin's mild climate.

The photo shows the primary school in Joinville, Santa Catarina (1965). Joinville is a city few Americans have ever heard of, but is the largest city in Santa Catarina, a southern state in Brazil. It is today a major industrial, financial, and commercial center. After indepndence in the 19th century a substantial immigration of non-Portuguese peoples began arriving. Germans began asrriving (1829) and came in great numbers (1850s). This was propelled by failed liberal revolutions (1848-49). They founded the cities of Blumenau, Brusque, and Joinvile. Italians began arriving (1875). Immigrants also included Poles, Russians, and Ukrainians (1880s). African slaves composed about 10 percent of the population at the time of emancipation (1880s). This was a smaller percentage than in most Brazilian states. As a result, the ethnc mix of Santa cararina is different than most Brazilian states. Here we see a group of first year students at a Joinville primary school--Escola Reunida D'Oeste Joinville (1965). We can see their school in the background, but not the communiy in which was set. The school had dirt gounds. We see two teachers and we woud guess the principal. The children would have been mostly 6-year olds. he girls all werar dresses or skirts. The boys all wear short pants. All the children are barefoot, reflecting SantaCatarin's mild climate.

Careful, clicking on these will exit you from the Boys' Historical Clothing web site, but several are highly recommended