Figure 1.--This is a private Catholic school for European children perhaps at Pera (Beyoğlu) mear Constantinople. We think it was a French school. Notice the Turkish and French flags at the top of the stairs in the background. The portrait is undated, but looks to be about 1930. The photographer was Jean Weinberg who operated Foto Français.

Turkey has a long history of private schools, dating back to the Ottoman Empire. In fact, privare schools were established before the Ottomam Empire began to play a major role in public education. Many are operated by minority groups in Turkey or foreigners living and working in Turkey. There are four types of private schools in Turkey. First are private schools for the majority Turkish Muslim population. This includes schools with a religious orientation. There were many dershane meaning cram schools. The Turkish dershane system were similar to the Indian and Japanese cram schools. Older students over theweek-ends or after weekday school hours were drilled on various aspects of sevondary curicukum to improce university placement. This was a cheaper alternative to private schools. The Government banned these schools (2014). The schools have an option of transforming onto provate schools. There is also aublic subsidy option. Secound are schools for minority groups. The Ottoman Empire was a multi-ethnic polity. Turkey has minorities, but the Turkish population is now dominate. Schools for Greeks, Armenians, and Jewish minorities after World War I were placed under guarantee by the terms of the Lausanne Treaty. These are not foreigners, but they are Turkish citizens of the various minority groups. Today the largest minority is the Kurds. I don't think that the Kurds are permittedseparate schools. Third are schools for foreign residents. These are schools first established during the Ottoman Empire by American, Austrian, French, German, and Italian groups and which continue their activities under the terms of the Lausanne Treaty. Some Turkish chilkdren attendcthese schools today, primarily because the parents involved belive they offer not only opportunities to learn foreign languages, but also because of higher academic standards than the state operated public schools. Fourth are private international education institutions. They have been opened under the authorization of the amended article 5 of the Law no. 625.

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Created: 8:50 PM 2/1/2020
Last updated: 8:50 PM 2/1/2020