Figure 1.--There was no accompanying information with this portrait. We think it may be a boy who has just graduated from kindgarden--notice the ribbon on his smock. While j0t dated, we would guess the portrait was taken in the 1950s. |
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Japan has two types of pre-schools, both nursery schools (day care centers) and kindergardens. The day-care centers (hoikuen) will accomodate very young children and are play oriented. The kindergardens (yochien) are for somewhat older children and more academically oriented. There are both public and private day-care centers and kindergardens. Even the public preschools require parents to pay a fee, but it is relatitively modest and graduated based on family income. Approximately 60 percent of all kindergartens are privately operated. There are fees associated with the public schools, depending on the family income. The educational programs vary considerably, from unstructured environments that emphasize play to more provide programs with a more academic environment. Hoikuen (day care centers) are designed for working parents. The program lasts all day and most provide lunch. Parents are not expected to be heavily involved. The kindergardens (yochien) are different, There is an expected degree of parental involvement. The day is shoter, usually ending about 4:00 pm. At first they were mostly 3 day programs. In recent years the kindergardens have been extending their hours. This is in part to better compete with day care centers which offer longer hours.
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