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HBC at this time has very little information on the chronology of Italian smocks, at least smocks other than school smmocks. The coming of the Third Republic had a major impact on smocks in France when they were required as schoolwear in the 1870s. HBC does not know if there was any similar event in Italy. Italian unification was made possible by the same event that brought the French Third Republic to power, the Franco-German War of 1870. Reverses in the War forced the French to withdraw their forces from Papal territory, enabling the unification of Italy under King Victor Emanuel I in 1871. HBC does not, however, if Government action mandated school smocks as was the case in France. We know next to nothing about the 19th century. We have fund one portrait from the 1870s of a Milan boy wearing a smock wiuth a jaunty sailor hat, we think in the 1870s. It was a short smock and does not seem very likely to protect the boy's knee pants. This suggest that the garment was designed more for style than functionality. Our Italian archive is very limited for the 19th century, so we are unable ro seal with any thu. We know much more about the 1870s, but the photographic record mostly school school smocks. We see very few boys wearing smocks other than for school. This is a good indication that they were not common in the 20th century as we have a substantial archive.
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