Figure 1.--A pictorial dictionary for German children learning French has some images. One page shows youth groups. It was published in Leipzig during 1937. Labels show the French words for the uniforms and equipment. Click on the image to see the French terms.

The German French pictorial dictionary provides the following terms for the youth group uniforms and activities seen here. This page is labeled "La jeunesse" or youth. It shows Boy Scouts, the Hitler Youth, the Wandervogel, and activities at youth hostels. For some reason the German youth are referred to as National Socilist Youth rather than the Hitler Youth. At the time there was no longer a Wander Vogel organization. It had been adsorbed into the Hitler Youth. I'm not sure why it was included here. Perhaps it was for historical reference or perhaps the editor had been a Wandervogel boy. We are not sure about the Youth Histels. We know that the youth hostels were taken over by the Hitler Youth. We are not sure how they were operated. We assume that boys were less free to wander about on their own to use them as the Hitler Youth promoted group activities, but we have little acyual information. Here the page provides information on both uniforms and activities.

Group A: Boy Scouts

The page shows Boy Scouts. The Boy Scouts were abolished byb the NAZIs in 1933. The only permitted youth groyp was the Hitler Youth. As this is a book for learnuing French, presumably the Scouts depicted here are Frenchb Scouts. Notice how the Scouts are shown pitching a tent and cooking, while the Hitler Youth are shown preparing for a parade. Figure 1 is a Scout described as "un éclaireur denne des ordres" which means "a Scout ????". Figure 2 is the tent and various terms associate with the ten. Figure 3 "l'alde du marteau". I'm not sure what that means. I'm not sure what fifure 4 is. Figure 5 sgows a Scout in camp cooking. This is described as an éclaireur or campeur "en train de faire la cuisine (fam.: la popote), c'est-à-dire de faire cuire le repas". The letered items are the terms for the campfire cooking items. This depiction of the Boy scouts is interesting. Scouts are commonly show cookijg fireside meals. This is in contrast to the Hitler Youth who are virtually never shown cooking their meals. Note the Scouts are also show as a single-gender organization. The uniform of the Scouts is not described in detail. One interesting detail of the drawing is that the Scouts are clearly shown wearing turn-over-top socks while the German boys in the other illustrations wear kneesocks, but not turn-over-top socks.

Group B: National Socialist Youth

For some reason the German youth are referred to as National Socialist Youth, "La jeunesse nationale=socialiste" rather than the Hitler Youth. We arev not sure why this was done. Apparently it was used because the Hilter Youth proper was the name of the unit for the older boys. I'm not sure how common the term National Socialist Youth was in the Third Reich. Today common usage is to refer to the whole organization as the Hitler Youth. There uniforms is described in considerable detail.

Figure B1: Deutsches Jungvolk (DJ)

The junior division of the Hitler Youth was the Deutsches Jungvolk, boys 10-14 years old. They were known as pimpfs. The boy here is shown with a drum or "tambour". Item B1a are Tyrolean shoes or "le soulier tyroliem". The image does not provide any detail, but I assume the term means some kind of heavy shoes worm when hiking in rough mounteanaous teraine. Item B1b are descriped as sport socks or "le bas de sport". I am not sure how this differed from ordinary kneesocks, but we can guess they were heavy socks for hiking. Item B1c are the short pants or "culotte". Although not mentioned, the short pants were black. Item B1d is the drum described as "le tambour de lansquenet". I'm not sure what that means. Item B1e is a ???? referred to as "une rune (runs dite de victoire)". Item B1f is the ???? of the drum or "laguette de tambour". Item B1g is referred to a a police cap or "le bonnet de police". We have noted Hitler Youth boys wearing this style of cap, but did not know what the German term was. We are not sure that this was the correct term in France. Americans refer to it as a field cap and the British as a Glengary. Item B1h is a brown shirt or "le chemise brune". Thev Hitler Youth werte administratively ar first a unit of the SA and their uniform used the same brown shirt. Item B1i is ??? which means "le foulard (le mouchoir de cou)". Item B1k is a bandolier or "la bandoulière".

Figure B2: Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM)

The illustration here shows the girl's department of the Hitler Youth. While the girls are shown here, the program for the girls was entirely separate and very different from that of the boys. The girls wore white shirts and black skirts rather than shorts. Note how all the illustrations here show very long skirts.

Figure B3: Hitler Youth (HJ)

Figure B3 is the senior division of the male NAZI youth movement or the Hitler Youth or " le jeune hitlérien ". A boy is a member or " membre de la hitlérienne ". The uniform is described in detail. Item B3a is the ???? or "le couteau-polgnard. Item B3b is the belt or "ceinturon". Item B3c is belt buckle or " boncle du ceinturon ". The most common style had a stylized lighting bolt. Item B3d is the bandolere or " la bandoulière ". Item B3e was a brown shirt or " la chemise brune ". Item B3f is the front pocket or la poche de devant ". Item B3g is the ??? or " le brassard ". Item B3h is the shoulder epaulette or " la patte d'épaule ". Item B3i is the collar or " le col ". Item B3k is the cap or "la casquette ". This is the cap woirn by the Hitler Youth in the early years. After the mod-30s the HJ was wearing the same caps as the DJ shown here. Item B3l is the black scarfe or " la cravate à nouer ".

Group C: Wandervögel

The Wandervogel was the first important German youth organization. Interestingly the Wandervogel was a kind of rebelious youth group distrustful of aduly sathority. Little attention was given to uniform and they liked to hile informally around the countryside. This contrast sharply with the Bfirst British froup--the Boy's Brigade which focused on uniform and order. These images are the opposite of what many would expect. At the time this book was published, there was no longer a Wandervogel organization in Germany. It had been adsorbed into the Hitler Youth. I'm not sure why it was included here. Perhaps it was for historical reference or perhaps the editor had been a Wandervogel boy. The text read ?????? or "faisant une excursion (jeunes excursionnistes appelés en Allemagne 'oiseaux, m. migrateurs". Figure C1 is a boy in a Wandervögel outfit ???? or " le jeune garçon portant le costume de 'Wandervögel,' appelé 'Kluft'." Figure C2 is a manoline or " la mandoline ". Figure C3 is is a Wanfervögel shirt with a ??? collar known in Germany as a Schiller collar. The French text reads "Chemise de Wandervögel à col cuvert, appelé en Allemagne 'col à la Schiller'." Figure C4 is a girl Wandervögel wearung an excursion or hiking dress. The Wandervögel unlike other youth movemnts had mixed activities and excursions. Notice hoiw long the dress is. Figure C5 is I think a lite or "luth". Item C5a is ??? or "les (flots de)rubans m. garnis-". Item C6 is the violin or "la violon". The text adds ??? "sant le luth". Item C7 is the well known rucisack. The text reads "le sac de touriste (le rucksack, le havresac)". Notice the plain outfit of the Wanderögel members and compare them to the much more elaborate military style of the Hitler Youth. Also notice the different activities depiicted. Wandervögel members were interested in discussing great books and singing and dancing. There were none of the drills, violent games, and para-military activities associated with the Hitler Youth. There were similaritituies, in particular the fervent German nationalism.

Group D: Youth Hostels

We are not sure about the Youth Histels. We know that the youth hostels were taken over by the Hitler Youth. We are not sure how they were operated. We assume that boys were less free to wander about on their own to use them as the Hitler Youth promoted group activities, but we have little actual information. The activities depicted here do not look to us like those that would hve been conducted as part of the Hitler Youth program. hey may reflect the histels vefor they were seized bt the Hitler Youth (1933).