㰀琀搀㸀
㰀栀爀㸀
Figure 1.--No Egyptian monarch has inspired more interest than Cleopatra who captured the heart of both Julius Ceasarand Mark Anthony. The depictions are largely imaginative. Here is one such depiction by Howard David Johnson. 㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀⼀琀戀漀搀礀㸀
㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀⼀琀戀漀搀礀㸀
The dynasties of ancient Egypt are roughly organized in to the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. After the Ptommies of the New Kingdom, Egypt became a province in the Roman Empire. With the division of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western Empires, Egypt became a province in the Eastern Empire. The Eastern Empire became known as the or Byzantine Empire after the fall of Rome (5th century). Egypt was conquered by the Arabs (7th century) and gradually Islamicized. The subsequent Egyptian dynasties are complicated by the fact that Egypt since the Arab conquest hasd been nominally a part of the Caliphate or Ottoman Empire. Even so Egyptians preserve a distinct national consciousness managed to retain a separate entity during the years of foreign conquest (Arab, Mameluke, Ottoman, and British). At times the foreign rullers exerted central control and at other times with the foreign power wained, Egyptian rulers were able to obtain a high degree of authonomy bordering on independence. After World War II, Egypt achieved complete independence under King Farouk I, but after only a few years he was deposed by Arab nationsalists led by Col. Nassar who established a republic. 㰀戀爀㸀
Alexander conquered Egypt, but his death at a young age led to a new Greek dynasty--the Potolmies. It is often categorized as te last dynasty of pharoes. After the Ptommies of the New Kingdom, Egypt became a province in the Roman Empire. The subsequent Egyptian dynasties are complicated by the fact that Egypt since the Arab conquest has been nominally a part of the Caliphate or Ottoman Empire. Even so Egyptians preserve a distinct national consciousness managed to retain a separate entity during the years of foreign conquest (Arab, Mameluke, Ottoman, and British). At times the foreign rullers exerted central control and at other times with the foreign power wained, Egyptian rulers were able to obtain a high degree of authonomy bordering on independence.㰀戀爀㸀
With the division of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western Empires, Egypt became a province in the Eastern Empire. The Eastern Empire became known as the or Byzantine Empire after the fall of Rome (5th century). The royal dynastic was thus the Byzantine emperor㰀戀爀㸀
The Mamelukes were slaves brought to Egypt by Fatimite caliphs (10th century) and Ayyubite suktans and trained for the military. Over time freed Mamelukes rose to high rank. The Mameluke Emir Eibek killed Sultan ???, the last Ayyubite ruler (1250). Eibek proclaimed himself Sultan. This began 250 years of Mameluke rule. They ruled Egypt and an extensive empire, including Asia minor. There were two Mameluke dynasties. The Bahrites (1250-1382) were Turks and Mongols. The Burjites (1382-1517) were Circassins. The expanding Ottoman Empire seized control of Egypt (1517). After the conquesrt, the Mamelukes were not destroyed, but incorporated within the Empite. They were appointed to high posts. A Mameluke rebellion against the Turks was put down by Napoleon (1798). Their power was permanetly destroyed by Mohammed Ali (1811).㰀戀爀㸀
Ottoman Empire (1517-1914)
㰀瀀㸀 吀栀攀 伀琀琀漀洀愀渀猀 挀漀渀焀甀甀攀爀攀搀 䔀最礀瀀琀 ⠀㔀㜀⤀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 戀礀 琀栀攀 㠀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 眀愀猀 漀渀氀礀 渀漀洀椀渀愀氀 爀甀氀攀爀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 䴀愀洀攀氀甀欀攀猀 爀攀攀砀攀爀琀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 愀渀搀 愀猀 伀琀琀漀洀漀渀 瀀漀眀攀爀 眀愀椀渀攀搀 眀攀爀攀 漀渀氀礀 渀漀洀椀渀愀氀礀 愀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䔀洀瀀椀爀攀⸀ 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 昀漀爀挀攀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 一愀瀀漀氀攀漀渀 洀愀渀愀最攀搀 琀漀 攀氀甀搀攀 愀 刀漀礀愀氀 一愀瘀礀 猀焀甀愀搀爀漀渀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀搀 戀礀 一攀氀猀漀渀 ⠀㜀㤀㠀⤀⸀ 一愀瀀漀氀攀漀渀✀猀 昀漀爀挀攀猀 搀攀昀攀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 䴀愀洀攀氀甀欀攀 昀漀爀挀攀猀⸀ 一攀氀猀漀渀 搀攀昀攀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 昀氀攀攀琀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䈀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 一椀氀攀 昀漀甀最栀琀 椀渀 䄀戀漀甀欀椀爀 䈀愀礀 ⠀㜀㤀㤀⤀⸀ 嬀䴀攀礀攀爀猀漀渀崀 吀栀椀猀 椀猀漀氀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 愀爀洀礀⸀ 一愀瀀漀氀攀漀渀 猀漀漀渀 昀漀甀渀搀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 攀渀最愀最攀搀 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䴀愀洀攀氀甀欀攀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 愀渀搀 伀琀琀漀洀漀渀猀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀Ⰰ 一愀瀀漀氀攀漀渀 愀戀愀渀搀漀渀攀搀 栀椀猀 愀爀洀礀 愀渀搀 攀氀甀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 昀氀攀攀琀 琀漀 最攀琀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀⸀
The Ottomans with Napoleon gone and the French unsable to supply their army ordered of Muhammad Ali Pasha 琀漀 甀猀攀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 昀爀漀洀 刀甀洀攀氀椀愀 ⠀琀栀攀 䈀愀氀欀愀渀猀⤀ 琀漀 爀攀最愀椀渀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 漀昀 䔀最礀瀀琀⸀ 䴀甀栀愀洀洀愀搀 䄀氀椀 眀愀猀 攀愀猀椀氀礀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 猀攀椀稀攀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 漀昀 䔀最礀瀀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 栀攀 搀椀搀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀愀琀⸀ 䠀攀 搀攀挀氀愀爀攀搀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 爀甀氀攀爀 漀昀 䔀最礀瀀琀 愀渀搀 焀甀椀挀欀氀礀 攀猀琀愀渀氀椀猀栀攀搀 愀 氀漀礀愀氀 氀漀挀愀氀 戀愀猀攀 漀昀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 伀琀琀漀洀愀渀 匀甀氀琀愀渀 ⠀倀漀爀琀攀⤀ 氀愀甀渀挀栀攀搀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀猀 琀漀 搀椀猀氀漀搀最攀 愀渀搀 攀砀攀挀甀琀攀 栀椀洀⸀
After repearly failing, the Sultan recognized Muhammad Ali as the Ottoman Pasha and Wāli (Governor) of Egypt (1805). That was not entirely acceptable to Ali who claimed for himself the more prestigious title of Khedive (Viceroy). His descendents (Ibrahim Pasha, Abbas I, and Sa'id) also dstyled themselves khedive. Thus a largely autonomous Egyptian state seveloped under a dynasty founded by Ali. 㰀戀爀㸀
Khedivate (1867–1914)
㰀瀀㸀 䐀愀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䬀栀攀搀椀瘀愀琀攀 椀猀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀椀挀愀琀攀搀⸀ 䤀琀 洀椀最栀琀 戀攀 搀愀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 伀琀琀漀洀愀渀 䔀洀瀀椀爀攀 眀愀猀 昀漀爀挀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀稀攀 䴀甀栀愀洀洀愀搀 䄀氀椀 愀猀 琀栀攀 爀甀氀攀爀 漀昀 䔀最礀瀀琀 ⠀㠀 㔀⤀⸀ 伀琀琀漀洀愀渀 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀猀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀稀攀 琀栀攀 琀椀琀氀攀 漀昀 䬀栀攀搀椀瘀攀 甀渀琀椀氀 洀甀挀栀 氀愀琀攀爀 ⠀㠀㘀㜀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 伀琀琀漀洀愀渀猀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀稀攀搀 椀琀 愀猀 琀栀攀 琀椀琀氀攀 漀昀 䤀猀洀愀椀氀 倀愀猀栀愀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀甀氀琀愀渀 愀氀猀漀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 搀礀渀愀猀琀椀挀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 愀搀漀瀀琀攀搀 戀礀 䤀猀洀愀椀氀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 氀椀渀攀 漀昀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀椀漀渀 琀漀 戀攀 昀愀琀栀攀爀 琀漀 猀漀渀Ⰰ 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 戀爀漀琀栀攀爀 琀漀 戀爀漀琀栀攀爀 愀猀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 伀琀琀漀洀愀渀⼀䄀爀愀戀 琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 挀漀氀漀渀椀愀氀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 愀猀 琀栀攀 䄀昀爀椀挀愀 眀愀猀 搀椀瘀椀搀攀搀Ⰰ 䈀爀椀琀愀椀渀 愀渀搀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 昀漀挀甀猀 漀渀 䔀最礀瀀琀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 愀 洀愀樀漀爀 氀椀渀欀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 愀渀搀 䤀渀搀椀愀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 䄀昀爀挀愀渀 愀搀 䄀猀椀愀渀 挀漀氀漀渀椀攀猀⸀ 䠀愀瘀椀渀最 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 伀琀琀漀洀愀渀 䔀洀瀀椀爀攀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 刀甀猀猀椀愀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 愀渀搀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀搀 伀琀琀漀洀愀渀 匀甀氀琀愀渀 䄀戀搀ﰀ氀栀愀洀椀搀 䤀䤀 琀漀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀 䤀猀洀愀椀氀 倀愀猀栀愀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 漀昀 栀椀猀 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀挀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 愀挀挀漀洀瀀氀椀猀栀攀搀 ⠀䨀甀渀攀 ㈀㘀Ⰰ 㠀㜀㤀⤀⸀ 䠀攀 眀愀猀 爀攀瀀氀愀挀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 椀猀 猀漀渀Ⰰ 吀攀眀昀椀欀 倀愀猀栀愀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 眀愀猀 洀漀爀攀 眀椀氀氀椀渀最 琀漀 眀漀爀欀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀猀⸀
Abbas Hilmi Pasha proved to be the last Khedive, deposed by the British at the outbreak of World War I (1914).
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Ismail's son, was made his successor as the new Khedive. Ismail Pasha left Egypt and initially went into exile to Naples, but was eventually permitted by Sultan Abdülhamid II to retire to his Palace of Emirgan[2] on the Bosporus in Istanbul. There he remained, more or less a state prisoner, until his death. He was later buried in Cairo.㸀
㰀戀爀㸀
World War I broke out in Europe (August 1914). Germany had developed close ties with the Ottoman Empire. The Young Turks who dominated the Ottoman Empire saw the War as a way of recovering territority lost to Russia. 䬀栀攀搀椀瘀攀 䄀戀戀愀猀 䠀椀氀洀椀 倀愀猀栀愀 搀攀挀椀搀攀搀 琀漀 戀愀挀欀 琀栀攀 伀琀琀漀洀愀渀猀Ⰰ 栀漀瀀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 眀椀琀栀 伀琀琀漀洀愀渀 愀渀搀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 愀椀搀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 搀爀椀瘀攀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 漀甀琀 漀昀 䔀最礀瀀琀⸀ 伀琀琀漀洀愀渀 昀漀爀挀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 戀漀爀搀攀爀 漀昀 䔀最礀瀀琀 愀猀 倀愀氀攀猀琀椀渀攀 眀愀猀 愀渀 伀琀琀漀洀愀渀 瀀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀⸀
The British deposed Abbas while he was on a visit to Vienna. This essentially eded the Khediviate. 吀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 搀攀挀氀愀爀攀搀 䄀戀戀愀猀✀ 甀渀挀氀攀 䠀甀猀愀礀渀 䬀愀洀椀氀 匀甀氀琀愀渀 漀昀 䔀最礀瀀琀⸀ 䠀甀猀愀礀渀 昀漀爀洀愀氀氀礀 戀爀漀欀攀 琀椀攀猀 漀昀 䔀最礀瀀琀 愀渀搀 匀甀搀愀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 伀琀琀漀洀愀渀 䔀洀瀀椀爀攀⸀ 䠀甀猀愀礀渀 䬀愀洀椀氀 愀渀搀 猀甀戀猀攀焀甀攀渀琀氀礀 䘀漀甀愀搀 䤀 椀猀猀甀攀搀 愀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 漀爀搀攀爀猀 搀攀瀀爀椀瘀椀渀最 䄀戀戀愀猀 漀昀 栀椀猀挀瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀礀 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀栀椀戀椀琀椀渀最 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀猀 琀漀 栀椀洀⸀
㰀℀ 吀栀攀猀攀 愀氀猀漀 戀愀爀爀攀搀 䄀戀戀愀猀 䠀椀氀洀椀 倀愀猀栀愀 昀爀漀洀 攀渀琀攀爀椀渀最 䔀最礀瀀琀椀愀渀 琀攀爀爀椀琀漀爀礀 愀渀搀 猀琀爀椀瀀瀀攀搀 栀椀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀 琀漀 猀甀攀 椀渀 䔀最礀瀀琀椀愀渀 挀漀甀爀琀猀⸀ 㸀 䄀戀戀愀猀 倀愀猀栀愀 昀椀渀愀氀氀礀 攀瘀攀渀琀甀愀氀氀礀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 栀椀猀 漀甀猀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 昀漀爀洀愀氀氀礀 愀戀搀椀挀愀琀攀搀 ⠀㤀㌀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀甀氀琀愀渀 搀攀挀氀愀爀攀搀 愀 樀椀栀愀搀Ⰰ 栀漀瀀椀渀最 琀漀 爀愀椀猀攀 愀渀 䤀猀氀愀洀椀挀 爀攀瘀漀氀琀 椀渀 䔀最礀瀀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 伀琀琀漀洀愀渀猀 氀愀甀渀挀栀攀搀 愀渀 甀渀愀渀琀椀挀椀瀀愀琀攀搀 愀琀琀愀挀欀 昀爀漀洀 倀愀氀攀猀琀椀渀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 眀攀爀攀 爀攀瀀甀氀猀攀搀 愀昀琀攀爀 栀攀愀瘀礀 氀漀猀猀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 氀愀甀渀挀栀攀搀 愀渀 漀昀昀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 椀渀琀漀 倀愀氀攀猀琀椀渀攀 愀渀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䄀爀愀戀 䄀爀洀礀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 戀礀 䌀漀氀⸀ 䰀愀眀爀攀渀挀攀 漀渀 椀琀猀 昀氀愀渀欀 瀀甀氀瘀攀爀椀稀攀搀 琀栀攀 伀琀琀漀洀漀渀 䄀爀洀礀 愀渀搀 猀攀椀稀攀搀 䐀愀洀愀猀挀甀猀 ⠀㤀㠀⤀⸀
After World War I the Turkish Government in With "Article 17" of the Treaty of Lausanne formally ceded all remaining claims and rights in Egypt and Sudan (1923).㰀戀爀㸀
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㰀栀爀㸀
Figure 1.--No Egyptian monarch has inspired more interest than Cleopatra who captured the heart of both Julius Ceasarand Mark Anthony. The depictions are largely imaginative. Here is one such depiction by Howard David Johnson. 㰀⼀琀搀㸀