Figure 1.--This CDV portrait shows a Polish boy in his school uniform. All we know about him is that he lived in Lodz. Today this is Poland's third largest city. It was originally part of the area Prussia received in the Polish Partitions, but passed to Russia after the Napoleonic Wars. Interestingly, the back of the card is in French--Atelier Photographique L. Zoner. The portait is not dated, but was probavly taken in the 1890s.

The Russians granted a degree of autonmy after the Napoleonic Wars, but resistance to Russian rule caused the Russians to reassess this policy. We know that Tsar Alexander III initisted a major effort at Russification thoughout the Empire. He revoked the constitution that had been granted Poland and in Poland and other areas initiated efforts to Russify not only Poland, but other national groups. Schools were required to operate in Russian. We are less sure about commercial enterprises. Eve Currie's biography about her mother Madam Currie has a chapter about Marie Currie's education. It is in the early chapters of the biography that describe Russification. Polish language school were driven underground. [Curie] We have little information on the uniforms or clothes worn at these schools. Here we see the school outfits of boys going to school in the Russian sector of Poland on the previous page. They wear a Russian blouse-syled uniform. Note the belts worn over the tunic top. There were many different styles of uniforms worn t schools, but asll had a military look. Here we have another example. Interestingly the back of the card is in French. We are not sure what Russian language regulations were or if businesses could operate in Germnan or Polish. Russian control of Poland ended until World War I when the Germans invaded and seized control (1914-15).

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Created: 4:40 AM 1/16/2011
Last updated: 4:40 AM 1/16/2011