Figure 1.--This looks like a Catholic boarding school, perhaps during the 1940s. It looks like a house (residential group) rather a class group becuse of the wide age spread. We are unsure what contry is involved here, but we would guess Britain. |
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There are secular and religious schools as well secular schools in which religious instruction was permitted. In other cases, religious instruction was absolutely prohibited. Trends varied greatly from contry to country. In Communist countris an active atheist campaign was pursued and severe restrictions were placed on any form of religious instruction. There are suburban, rural, and inter-city schools. Most were day schools, but we also note boarding schools. We see both primary and secondary schools as well as full-term colleges. The religious asociations vary. In the United States, religious or parochial schools were fully separated from the public schools, in essence private schools. Nuns provided much of the teaching staffs which significntly reduced the cost of operating the schools. In other countries such as Germany they were integrated into the public school system. In other countries they were separate from the public system, but received varying degres of state funding. We note individual churchs, mosques, and synagoges sposoring churches. Policies vary as to the religious orientation of the children attending the schools. Another variation is that in some cases there are established churches or other religions. The Chirch of England is an established state church. Islam is the established religion of Mislim majority countries. Thus there are varying legal and financial relationships accorded schools related to these schools. In recent years some countries have narrowed such differences and widened the religions to which state funding is accorded. This is primarily related to the secular trends in Western Christian countries. Different trends are underway in the Muslim world where secular arrangements are weakening.
There are secular and religious schools as well secular schools in which religious instruction was permitted. In other cases, religious instruction was absolutely prohibited.
There are secular schools that are purely secular. Churches played a major role in eucation. The idea of secular education achievd great currency in Europe. With the new Federal Comstitution and the Nill of Rights, American state schools were ebtirely secular. Latin American schools with the war of indepence also became primrily secular. There are other secular schools that permit some religious instruction in an otherwise secular atmosphere. This arrangement is common in Europe.
In other cases, religious instruction was absolutely prohibited. The totalitarian movements of the 20th century launched atheist campaigns. This was part of Marxist ideology. The democratic socialist poliicies pursued policies aimed at secularizing the schools. The Communists upon seizung power layunched brutal atheist campaigns. The Soviets and Chinese Communists conducted brutal atheist campaigns with religious people executed are sentenced to slave labor. The Soviets after World War II introduced atheist campaigns in their Eastern European empire, although with somewhat less brutality than was the case of the Stalinist athesist campaign. Fascist policies were more varied. The NAZIs ininiated atheist iniatives, but delayed a full blown atheist campaign until after they won the war so as not to disrupt the war effort.. The Fascists in Italy adopted a more moderate reltionship. They did not attack the church znd the church did not speal out opemly against the Fascist Party.
The religious asociations vary. There are two basic types of religious schools. The first type provides a secular education along with some religious instruction. The second type is primarily concerned with religious instruction, although there may be some secular education provides as well.
We notice schools with religious schools that fully separated from the state schools and others that were integrted into the stat public chool sytem. In the United States, religious or parochial schools were fully separated from the public schools, in essence private schools. The provided basically secular education along with religious instruction, Nuns provided much of the teaching staffs which significntly reduced the cost of operating the schools. In other countries such as Germany, denominational scgools were integrated into the state public school system. In other countries they were separate from the public system, but received varying degres of state funding. We note individual churchs, mosques, and synagoges sposoring churches. Policies vary as to the religious orientation of the children attending the schools. Another variation is that in some cases there are established churches or other religions. The Church of England is an established state church. Islam is the established religion of Mislim majority countries. Thus there are varying legal and financial relationships accorded schools related to these schools. In recent years some countries have narrowed such differences and widened the religions to which state funding is accorded. This is primarily related to the secular trends in Western Christian countries. Different trends are underway in the Muslim world where secular arrangements are weakening.
There are also religious schools in which religion is the primary purpose, albeit there may be some secular education included. The best examples of these schools today are Islanuc mafrashas with instruction centered on the Koran.
School religious trends varied greatly from contry to country with some regional trendsin addition to changes over time.
Africa is split between a Muslim north and a Christian south. This significantly impacts school trends. There is a strong Islamic influence in the north althoufg there is a conflict between fundamentalisrs and secularists. This incluses the schools. In the south there is a growing tradition of secular education.
Latin America is predominately Catholic. During the colonial era there were few schools all of which were operated by the Church. After the Wars for Libertion, liberal political parties generally suceeded in establishing secular public schools, although large numbers of children did not attend school or only received
a few years of education. Gradully systems were exoanded, although quality is still a problem. Private schools are mostly Catholic.
North America is diminated by secular public schools. The Constitution as interpreted by the Courts bans state support for religious schools. Many private schools have religious orientation. When Catholics began emigrating to America in large numbrs, Catholic leader were concerned with the Prostestant orientation of the public schools. As a result, they founded a parochial school system. Catholic parochial schools today are having financial difficulties. In recent years Protestnt private schools have grown in importance. Canada has secular public schools. The Catholic Church plays an educational role in Quebec
Asia is a huge continent. Secular public schools are an artifact of Europen contact. China had a long tradition of schools for the elite, but they did not address many modern subjecs like science. China and the other Asian Communist countries after World war II launched atheist campaigns and the schools were completely secularized. Elsewhere in Asia, public schools are a relatively new phenomenon. Secular schools were an idea implanted by colonial powers. European religious groups founded some of the first schools in Aia. Colonial authoities were unwilling to make a major investment in public education, although the Japanese in Korea and Taiwan did. The British and French were unwilling to make the investment needed. Since de-Colonization, the new goverments have launched mass, largely secular public education, although the quality of the schools varied. They were mostly secular schools, largely due to the socialist orietation of the new leadership.
European schools have changed over time as regards to religion. With the de-Christinzation of Europe, the role of religion in euction is declining. The growing Mulim population has begin to demand a role in education which is being resisted by secular authorities. The Soviets pursued an atheist campaign, first in the Soviet Uniin itself, than in its Easter European empire. Preventing access to children was a priority and any form of relgious instruction was a priority. Only in Poland was there effective popular resistance. Catholic schools were not permitted or religious instructions in the state schools. The people, however, clung on to their religion as President Obama would phrase it. The Communists assumed that young people would turn to Communism becaise of the prpaganda in the schools and youth organizatuins. They did not.
Oceania had no schools before the arrival of the Europeans. Religious groups set up the first schools as part of a missionary effort. The British established schools in Australia and New Zealand. They were similar to schools in England, many of which had religions connections because of the esblished church. A secular public school system also developed. These were schools for settlers. The only public school system for the indugenous hinhabitants was established by the Americans in the Philippines. After World War II, secular public schools were opened throughout Oceania.
There are suburban, rural, and inter-city schools. Most were day schools, but we also note boarding schools. We see both primary and secondary schools as well as full-term colleges.
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